Two islands in the Bering Strait separated by 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) and 21 hours' time difference. Notable for being bigger than Mongolia, having one of Antarctica's biggest human bases, and being the setting of The Thing. The largest unclaimed territory in the world. The tallest mountain in Australia is not on the mainland, but on a barren, uninhabited island more than 3,800 kilometres (2,400 mi) away.Īn area of Antarctica that a) contains an extremely saline body of water and b) has not experienced rainfall for over two million years. One of the shortest-lived states in history, it was independent for only seven hours (07:00 to 14:00 on 19 September 1967).Ī naturally occurring plume of saltwater that is blood red thanks to its high iron oxide content. ![]() The former site of the world's only natural nuclear fission reactors.Ī rock on the Moroccan coast connected to the mainland by an 80-metre-wide (260 ft) tombolo it is owned by Spain. One of 3 known exploding lakes, the others being Lake Monoun and Lake Kivu. It's not bitter, it's just really, really salty.Ī lake in northwestern Cameroon that exploded in 1986, killing 1,746 people. What happens when a tyrannical king decides he wants to hunt game in a swamp.Ī small lake in Ethiopia that was created in 2005 after an earthquake. An American trekked there and claimed it in 2014 as the Kingdom of North Sudan so he could make his daughter a princess. ![]() One of the few places on Earth not claimed by any country. You either live inside the circle or outside. Various houses built solely out of spite for their neighbors. Landscaping and rocketry, together at last. ![]() Islands in lakes in islands in lakes in islands. Place names that contain truisms and say what they are.Īll the ingredients of pizza, grown in one convenient location! List of cities claimed to be built on seven hillsĪlmost 100 different cities across all inhabited continents, trying to get the credibility of having something in common with Rome. May have given their name to Manchester.Ī hill that gives the illusion of objects rolling up it. Laid bare in many places around the world. Good golly, Miss Molly – jus' love your folly! Breast-shaped hill In this list, a star ( ) indicates a featured article. For unusual contributions that are of greater levity, see Wikipedia:Silly Things. This definition is not precise or absolute some articles could still be considered unusual even if they do not fit these guidelines.Įach entry on this list should be an article on its own (not merely a section in a less unusual article) and of decent quality, and in large meeting Wikipedia's manual of style. The article is a list or collection of articles or subjects meeting the criteria above.The subject is distinct amongst other similar ones.The subject might be found amusing, though serious. ![]() The subject is a notorious hoax, such as the Sokal affair or Mary Toft.The subject is well-documented for unexpected notoriety or an unplanned cult following at extreme levels, such as Ampelmännchen or All your base are belong to us.The subject is a clear anomaly-something that defies common sense, common expectations or common knowledge, such as Bir Tawil, Märket, Phineas Gage, Snow in Florida, etc.The subject is a highly unusual combination of concepts, such as cosmic latte, death from laughter, etc.The article is something a reasonable person would not expect to find in a standard encyclopedia.If you wish to add an article to this list, the article in question should preferably meet one or more of these criteria: We should take special care to meet the highest standards of an encyclopedia with these articles lest they make Wikipedia appear idiosyncratic. These articles are verifiable, valuable contributions to the encyclopedia, but are a bit odd, whimsical, or something one would not expect to find in Encyclopædia Britannica. Of the over six million articles in the English Wikipedia there are some articles that Wikipedians have identified as being somewhat unusual. Wikipedia contains other images and articles that are similarly shocking or udderly amoosing. A cow with antlers atop a power line pole.
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![]() Most achievements don't allow any custom nations on the map(exceptions are noted in the list).All but 4 achievements require that the game was started at 11 November 1444(exceptions are noted in the list).Nations must be set to “Normal setup” or “Historical setup”.Province Tax and Manpower must be set to “Normal values”.Limited country forming must be set to “Yes”.Lucky nations must be set to “Historical”.Difficulty must be set to “Normal” or higher.Most graphical, interface or music mods don't alter the checksum and thus are allowed. So no gameplay altering mod may be active and the game files must not be corrupted or modified in a different way. The game files must have the correct checksum for the game version.To gain achievements one needs to play in ironman and also obey the following requirements(ironman itself is still possible even when not fulfilling these requirements): The below list groups the various achievements by a difficulty level as assessed by the wiki editors (uncategorized - UC - achievements haven't been assessed yet). taking all of Asia's grassland as Kale before the age of absolutism). signing a royal marriage with another country), while some are extremely difficult (e.g. The difficulty of each achievement varies some achievements are very easy (e.g. It is possible to see the achievements sorted by the percentage of users that managed to complete each achievement by going to the game's global achievements at Steam (for more precise numbers one can use the Steam web API). Achievements have no in-game effects the achievement just pops up in-game and then added to the player's Steam profile. This article has been verified for the current version (1.34) of the game.įor tips and tricks on how to complete an achievement, see the achievements category.ĮU4 has 345 different achievements, all using the Steam achievements mechanics. In a study conducted in 2016, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplicon sequencing was used to investigate fungal endophytic communities in one-year-old apple shoots of cultivars highly susceptible (Gala, Braeburn) and relatively resistant (Grenadier, Golden Delicious) to N. ditissima due to their capacity to colonise apple tissues prior to wound formation and thus prevent pathogen entry. Endophytes could be especially effective the in control of N. ![]() According to Schulz and Boyle, the majority of aboveground fungal endophytes in trees are non-systemic with a broad host range (Class III endophytes), implying that a single strain could colonise a range of host species and cultivars. It is therefore possible that endophytic communities play a role in host susceptibility. Recent reports suggest that apple endophyte communities vary due to host genotype and susceptibility to European apple canker. Endophytes have been shown to contribute to host disease resistance and also other agronomic traits such as growth promotion and abiotic stress tolerance. The presence of particular endophytes and differences in endophyte community composition can affect plant properties more than genetic variation intrinsic to the host. Their efficacy in field conditions, however, has not been tested. Recent research used a systematic approach to screen over 500 fungal strains stepwise to identify four Clonostachys rosea isolates with high efficacy in detached branch tests and with commercially relevant cold, drought, and UV tolerance. So far, no commercially available biocontrol agents have been found to be effective against N. Rainfall during high wound availability periods (such as picking and leaf fall) can further increase disease risk by increasing N. Chemical protection is hampered by recent dose reductions and bans of effective plant protection products such as carbendazim and copper oxychloride. Removal of inoculum (infected tissue) is effective but also very expensive, time and labour-intensive and therefore seldom implemented in commercial apple production. Breeding resistant varieties may be possible, but it is a long process given the polygenic nature of resistance against N. Most commercial apple cultivars are highly susceptible to N. ditissima control is difficult to achieve. ditissima in commercial apple production.Įffective N. ![]() nigrum B14-1 did not cause detrimental effects on apple foliage, buds, fruit, or growth and could therefore present a new biocontrol agent to manage N. 1.5×, but this returned to control levels after one year. nigrum abundance in apple tissues at 10–20 days post-inoculation by ca. Autumn application of B14-1 conidia increased E. ditissima infections of leaf scars by 46.6% and pruning wounds by 5.3% in field conditions at leaf fall. ditissima in vitro and reduced the incidence of N. Epicoccum nigrum B14-1, isolated from healthy apple trees, antagonised N. ![]() This study used cues from a previous apple endophyte community analysis to isolate and test fungal endophytes belonging to the genus Epicoccum as potential endophytic biocontrol agents. ditissima is difficult to control removal of inoculum (cankers) is expensive and therefore seldom practiced, whilst effective chemical products are being banned and no biocontrol products have been found to be effective against N. Infected wood develops canker lesions which girdle branches and main stems causing reduced yield and tree death. ditissima infects through natural and artificial wounds. Tul.) Samuels and Rossman, is a major disease of apples ( Malus domestica) worldwide. Apple canker, caused by Neonectria ditissima (Tul. ![]() The law may be stated in the following form: The zeroth law of thermodynamics provides for the foundation of temperature as an empirical parameter in thermodynamic systems and establishes the transitive relation between the temperatures of multiple bodies in thermal equilibrium. Additional laws have been suggested, but have not achieved the generality of the four accepted laws, and are generally not discussed in standard textbooks. Gradually, this resolved itself and a zeroth law was later added to allow for a self-consistent definition of temperature. In some fields, the second law was considered to deal with the efficiency of heat engines only, whereas what was called the third law dealt with entropy increases. While the numbering of the laws is universal today, various textbooks throughout the 20th century have numbered the laws differently. Later, Nernst's theorem (or Nernst's postulate), which is now known as the third law, was formulated by Walther Nernst over the period 1906–1912. ![]() By 1860, as formalized in the works of scientists such as Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson, what are now known as the first and second laws were established. The first established thermodynamic principle, which eventually became the second law of thermodynamics, was formulated by Sadi Carnot in 1824 in his book Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire. The laws of thermodynamics are the result of progress made in this field over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The history of thermodynamics is fundamentally interwoven with the history of physics and the history of chemistry, and ultimately dates back to theories of heat in antiquity. See also: Timeline of thermodynamics and Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics The first and second laws prohibit two kinds of perpetual motion machines, respectively: the perpetual motion machine of the first kind which produces work with no energy input, and the perpetual motion machine of the second kind which spontaneously converts thermal energy into mechanical work. With the exception of non-crystalline solids ( glasses), the entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically close to zero. The third law of thermodynamics states that a system's entropy approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. A common corollary of the statement is that heat does not spontaneously pass from a colder body to a warmer body. The second law of thermodynamics states that in a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems never decreases. The first law of thermodynamics states that, when energy passes into or out of a system (as work, heat, or matter), the system's internal energy changes in accordance with the law of conservation of energy. The zeroth law of thermodynamics defines thermal equilibrium and forms a basis for the definition of temperature: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. A more fundamental statement was later labelled as the zeroth law, after the first three laws had been established. Traditionally, thermodynamics has recognized three fundamental laws, simply named by an ordinal identification, the first law, the second law, and the third law. In addition to their use in thermodynamics, they are important fundamental laws of physics in general, and are applicable in other natural sciences. ![]() They state empirical facts that form a basis of precluding the possibility of certain phenomena, such as perpetual motion. The laws also use various parameters for thermodynamic processes, such as thermodynamic work and heat, and establish relationships between them. The laws of thermodynamics are a set of scientific laws which define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. ![]() How can I get a Costa Del Mar new customer discount? When you choose the right coupon for your order, you can still make a huge saving on your total price. You can only use one coupon code per order. Unfortunately, Costa Del Mar does not accept coupon stacking. It’s also worth knowing that there’s a 15% discount for teachers, government, first responders, and nurses. As always, be sure to read the terms and conditions of your discount before going to the checkout. You’ll be able to access 15% off your order once you verify your military employment via ID.me. 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For example, this file contains the title of the associated article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base, KB Article Number, Language, Package Type (e.g., Security Update), and Architecture information. A properties file: This file contains string properties that Wusa.exe uses.xml file when you perform an unattended installation of the update by using the Package Manager tool (Pkgmgr.exe). Windows Update metadata: Describes each update package that the.Windows Update Standalone Installer (.msu file) is a container that encloses the following items: One is the “Windows Update Standalone Package” format (.msu extension), and the other is the Cabinet file (.cab) format.MSU Files Windows Update packages can come in two formats. ![]() Windows Update packages downloaded from the Microsoft Update Catalog can also be used on standalone systems. In either case, you can download the update offline via the Microsoft Update Catalog and install it. 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Half an hour into the rescue, at approximately 2:05 p.m. “Drivers should avoid the bridge at this time.” “Blossom Street bridge over the Congaree River is currently closed at this time as our crews are handling a water rescue on the river,” a Facebook post from the fire department noted. The incident prompted authorities to shut down the nearby Blossom Street bridge – which is approximately 3,100 feet south of the Gervais Street bridge.Īs of this writing, it is not clear which span the woman jumped from … There was no immediate word on her condition … or what may have prompted her to jump into the water. ![]() police departments – as well as local fire department personnel – responded to the incident, which was described to this news outlet as a “water rescue operation.”Ĭolumbia police sources said the woman – whose name has yet to be released – was retrieved from the river south of the historic Gervais Street bridge by officers of the Columbia, S.C. 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